3) the natural environment. The systems include two-layer triple helix interactions (or triads): university, industry …

assessing whether innovation systems can be found, and how they operate, at a sub-national scale. The empirical analysis is … innovation. However, proper regional systems of innovation are found only in a few well-defined areas. In most regions, systemic … interactions and knowledge flows between the relevant actors are simply too sparse and too weak to reveal the presence of systems …