Although institutional reforms are necessary to increase rates of entrepreneurship in European countries, we argue that … strategies are appropriate to promote entrepreneurship and economic growth in European countries in different clusters. …

burdens have higher entrepreneurship rates but less self-employment. Europe has a higher self-employment rate than the United … States and East Asia. At the same time, Europe has a lower entrepreneurship rate than competitor regions. Europe … underperforms in entrepreneurship despite having advantages such as a skilled labour force, good infrastructure, large markets and …

We examine whether Europe has an "entrepreneurship deficit" compared to other industrialized regions. Cross … business activity and startup rates suggest that Europe has the same or higher rates of entrepreneurship than the U.S. and East …-impact Schumpeterian entrepreneurship relative to the U.S. Once we account for Europe’s strong performance in technological innovation, an …