Modern welfare policies are increasingly based on notions of reciprocity. Citizens on welfare benefits have to do something in return, e.g. volunteer work. Notwithstanding general public support, social philosophers have been critical on 'mandatory' activities in community programmes. So far,...

The article presents the gist, the kinds and manifestations of justice, with the discussion of the controversies around social justice. The analysis deals with the relationship between social justice and economic efficiency and effectiveness - especially in the environmental protection - as well...

The transport sector is the only sector in Germany where greenhouse gas emissions have remained virtually unchanged, and it is one of those areas of everyday life in which equal participation for all is often not guaranteed. In other words, the German transport system is in urgent need of...