The Brazilian Consumer Protection Code is one of the most advanced in the world. Among its most important innovations, article 6, VIII allows the court to shift the burden of proof whenever the claimant is at disadvantage and the allegations are credible. Its objective is to place unequal...

Consumers and users are daily involved in commercial practices and transactions that can end up not pacifically. We buy items and services, we travel, we use public services and vehicles and we enter into contracts with banks, insurance and financial services companies. The disputes arising from...

Recent years have seen a rapid rise in the number of class actions, particularly securities class actions, directed against Australian companies. This is the result of a combination of disparate factors, including, but not limited to, fundamental shifts in the classical model of the company in...