Of the many functions of punishment in a democratic society, consider two extremes: punishment as a means of controlling crime, and punishment as a means of just deserts. The former is concerned with altering the behavior of individual criminals so as to achieve the desired social end of lower...

The law concerning racial discrimination in punishment has never been established clearly in legislation. Instead, through a series of court decisions, a constitutional basis for challenging alleged discriminatory punishment has evolved. In that evolution, the issue of substance has turned out...

This article provides estimates of the impacts of a race-neutral programme called an Emerging Small Business Enterprise (ESBE) Programme in New Jersey in 2003-2004 on women- and minority-owned contractors. We show that although women- and minority-owned firms conceptually benefit from ESBE...