In this paper, we estimate the effect of primary school teachers' gender biases on boys' and girls' academic achievements during middle and high school and on the choice of advanced level courses in math and sciences during high school. For identification, we rely on the random assignments of...

I estimate in this article the effect of teaching practices on student achievements. I find that teaching based on the instilment of knowledge and comprehension (‘traditional’ teaching), and techniques that endow pupils with analytical and critical skills (‘modern’ teaching) has strong...