-efficacy, motivation, and test anxiety, obtained from an online survey before students’ exams. In the whole sample, we did not find an … treated students reported higher self-efficacy than the control students. The treatment affected students’ motivation before …Motivated by the self-determination theory of psychology, we ask how simple school practices can forge students …

, predetermined non-monetary incentives crowd out intrinsic motivation for pupils in High Schools. In contrast, the endogenous choice …This paper presents the result of a field experiment on the effectiveness of non-monetary incentives on pupils … and (iii) a delegation of choice over incentives. The effect of non-monetary incentives depends on pupils' socio …