Nowadays, the rapid growth of the online market poses great challenges for the brick-and-mortar (BM) retailers. In response to this threat, BM retailers exert various service efforts to promote sales in the offline market. This service effort, maybe unintentionally, also increases sales in the...

This study investigates the strategic effect of return policies in a dual-channel supply chain, in which a manufacturer can sell products directly to end customers and indirectly via an independent retailer. The manufacturer decides whether to implement a return policy in either the direct or...

Over the last two decades, differential game (DG) models have been used extensively to study such issues in dynamic environments as competitive advertising and pricing for new products in the marketing literature, capacity investments in the energy industry, government's subsidy policy in new...

This paper discusses a case that a supply chain consisting of a manufacturer (M) and an e-tailer (Y) at the initial stage. There is a new e-tailer (Y) who enters the market with some probability. Both e-tailers have two selling modes to choose from, i.e., the agency selling mode and the...

We consider a two-stage serial supply chain with capacity limits, where each installation is operated by managers attempting to minimize their own costs. A multiple-period model is necessitated by the multiple stages, capacity limits, stochastic demand, and the explicit consideration of...