Institutionalists argue that there are proximate and fundamental causes of economic development. I apply this theory to examine whether national culture is the fundamental cause of student achievement across countries, while family, school, and school system characteristics are the proximate...

We examine the relationship between parental ethnic identity and cognitive development in ethnic minority children. This aspect of parental identity may shape children's cognitive outcomes through a direct influence on parenting behaviour, or by mediating parental access to social resources....