interoperability of digital goods, services, platforms and communication networks. In this paper, we present a systematic framework for … (including platforms) to ensure horizontal and vertical interoperability and IP law exceptions in favour of interoperability. The …

over to non-software platforms and, partially, to upstream and downstream firms. The model also explains why Microsoft …

with heterogeneous consumers. We completely identify the conditions under which inefficient equilibria with two platforms …

platforms that allows consumers and firms to optimize with respect to how they home, i.e. we allow both individual consumers and … monopoly platform generates higher surplus than two competing homogeneous platforms. …