" and the competition between them. The paper focuses on the following categories of platforms, which represent a wide scope …

network effects. In these circumstances, dominant platforms may foreclose competition by raising barriers to entry in the … for refusals to deal under antitrust or competition law. The private antitrust cases that have already occurred regarding …

.). The network benefits between consumers and sellers depend on the mode of competition within the sub-markets: more … competition between sellers lowers product prices, increases the surplus consumers receive from a sub-market, and makes platform … membership more desirable for consumers. However, more competition also lowers profits for a seller which makes platform …