Across the world, regulators and policy makers are grappling with how to establish a competitive, safe and fair online environment that also safeguards users’ fundamental rights as citizens. Ahead of the European Commission’s Digital Markets Act (DMA), this book “Digital markets and online...

Consumers often lack information about how online services collect, use and protect their data. Therefore, transparency is frequently touted as an essential instrument to support consumers in assessing privacy risks and making more informed decisions. In this context, empirical studies have...

Many independent content providers (CPs) offer free content through a dominant platform (e.g., an app store) and obtain revenues later from the usage of their content (e.g., through ads or in-app purchases). Attaining a more prominent placement on the platform is important for CPs, because it...