Foster care provides substitute living arrangements to protect maltreated children. The practice is remarkably common …: it is estimated that 5 percent of children in the United States are placed in foster care at some point during childhood …. These children exhibit poor outcomes as children and adults, and economists have begun to estimate the causal relationship …

Aimed at increasing the adoption rate of older children, Minnesota's 2015 Northstar Care Program eliminated the … adoption penalty (the decrease in fostering-based financial transfers associated with adoption) for children aged six and older …, while maintaining it for children under age six. Using a difference-in-differences estimation strategy that controls for a …

We examine the vertical transmission of overweight drawing upon a sample of English children, both adopted and non …