It is difficult to test the prediction that future career prospects create implicit effort incentives because … researchers cannot randomly “assign” career prospects to economic agents. To overcome this challenge, we use data from … professional soccer, where employees of the same club face different external career opportunities depending on their nationality …

It is difficult to test the prediction that future career prospects create implicit effort incentives because … researchers cannot randomly “assign” career prospects to economic agents. To overcome this challenge, we use data from … professional soccer, where employees of the same club face different external career opportunities depending on their nationality …

It is difficult to test the prediction that future career prospects create implicit effort incentives because … researchers cannot randomly “assign” career prospects to economic agents. To overcome this challenge, we use data from … professional soccer, where employees of the same club face different external career opportunities de- pending on their nationality …