A firm hires an agent (e.g., store manager) to undertake both operational and marketing tasks. Marketing tasks boost demand, but for demand to translate into sales, operational effort is required to maintain adequate inventory. The firm designs a compensation plan to induce the agent to put...

Diagnostic errors are prevalent and can result in severe patient harm. Identifying a correct diagnosis often necessitates significant diagnostic effort. Nonetheless, most physician payment schemes are procedure-based and do not account for diagnostic effort or accuracy, due to observability...