Banks produce short-term debt for transactions and storing value. The value of bank money must not vary over time so … information about the bank's loans. To produce safe liquidity banks choose loans with high such costs. Capital markets cannot … produce substitutes for bank money because they involve information revelation. They produce risky liquidity. This trade …

Banks are optimally opaque institutions. They produce debt for use as a transaction medium (bank money), which requires … that information about the backing assets - loans - not be revealed, so that bank money does not fluctuate in value …-insensitive assets. For the economy as a whole, firms endogenously separate into bank finance and capital market/stock market finance …

Banks are optimally opaque institutions. They produce debt for use as a transaction medium (bank money), which requires … that information about the backing assets - loans - not be revealed, so that bank money does not fluctuate in value …-insensitive assets. For the economy as a whole, firms endogenously separate into bank finance and capital market/stock market finance …

enhances the incentives of banks to expand within Euroland. Yet, while the currency bias in bank portfolios will be eliminated …