Motivation is a voluntary and consistent effort to act in a certain way or to achieve some goals. It is essential and even critical for solving contemporary problems of the human element at sea. Especially those of attraction, recruitment, and retention in the profession, wastage and turnover...

A new model of exchange is presented following Marr's conception of a "computational theory". The model combines assumptions from perceptual theory and economic theory to develop a highly generalised formal model. The approach departs from previous models by focussing not on how ownership alters...