This study aims to analyze the commitments undertaken by Russia at the moment of its accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO), in order to evaluate the impacts that these may have on the multilateral trading system. Russia was the last main economy outside the WTO. In order to allow its...

A major theory from social psychology claims that external threats can strengthen group identities and cooperation. This paper exploits the Russian invasion in Ukraine 2014 as a sudden increase in the perceived military threat for eastern European Union member states, in particular for the...

This paper uses a survey among students at European universities to explore whether Russia's invasion of Ukraine has affected attitudes toward European integration. Some respondents completed the survey just before Russia's assault on February 24, 2022, and some did so just afterwards, thus...

This paper introduces the third update/release of the Global Sanctions Data Base (GSDB-R3). The GSDB-R3 extends the period of coverage from 1950-2019 to 1950-2022, which includes two special periods – COVID-19 and the war between Russia and Ukraine. The new update of the GSDB contains a total...

Der russisch-ukrainische Krieg hat eine lebhafte Debatte über die angemessenen sanktionspolitischen Möglichkeiten Deutschlands bzw. der Europäischen Union ausgelöst: Idealerweise sollten Sanktionen Russland erhebliche wirtschaftliche Kosten auferlegen und dazu beitragen, die Fähigkeit und...

After the Soviet breakup, Central Asia has gained importance for several States because of its geographical location and abundance of hydrocarbon reserves. These hydrocarbon reserves are located mainly in three countries: Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Each of them has taken different...

Though Siberia and the Russian Far East are often considered oil and gas reservoirs, the southern areas of these regions have significant potential for water-intensive production, such as agricultural goods, chemicals, pulp and paper, metals, hydro energy. This potential is strengthening due to...

The Chinese project, which likely drew inspiration from an earlier American concept of the New Silk Road (McBride, n.d.), was immediately described by epithets such as “ambitious,” “grandiose,” “far-reaching,” and the like. Whereas the Chinese narrative cautiously stressed economic...

During the twentieth century, economic sanctions became more prevalent. In the twenty-first century they have become a frequently used tool for governments seeking to change the behaviour of other countries. An extensive research literature exists on the effectiveness of sanctions. Overall the...