The estimation of probabilities of default (PDs) for low default portfolios by means of upper confidence bounds is a well established procedure in many financial institutions. However, there are often discussions within the institutions or between institutions and supervisors about which...

This paper addresses the building of obligor-level hazard rate corporate probability of default models for stress testing, departing from the predominant practice in wholesale credit modeling of constructing segment-level models for this purpose. We build models based upon varied financial,...