at the retail level. A rapid price decline and a decline in revenues followed. Increased retail competition consequently … on the basis of a lack of competition …

Using a large panel data set of German manufacturing establishments, this paper investigates the impact of competition … on training incidence as well as on the number of trained workers. According to theory, one would expect a negative … relationship between product market competition and firms' incentives to invest in employees' general skills (Gersbach and …

We study the effects of PPP loans on business competition. We start by introducing temporary cash subsidies into a … model of monopolistic competition with differentiated products and heterogeneous production costs. We test the predictions …-PPP competitors lost 70.5 cents in aggregate. Our results suggest that the PPP initiative distorted competition, imposing significant …