States and school districts across the United States are increasingly using value-added models (VAMs) to evaluate … summer learning with school-year gains. These “cross-year” VAMs yield biased estimates of teacher effectiveness when students …

secondary school students' unexcused absences grow steadily throughout a school year and over grades, while the growth of … excused absences remain essentially unchanged. Importantly, students starting the school year with a high number of unexcused … all aspects of school culture than their peers. Interventions targeting unexcused absences and/or improving school culture …

This paper argues that school grades cannot be interpreted solely as a reward for a given school performance, since … they also reflect teachers' ratings of pupils. Grades therefore contain valuable information about pupils' own - usually … effort that pupils invest in education. Getting discounted grades in year 6 for a given level of math performance assessed …

all due to differences in what students bring with them to school - socio-economic background, cultural factors, and the … like? Or do school systems make a difference? This essay argues that differences in features of countries' school systems … factors of the school system, as well as factors beyond the school system, account for cross-country achievement differences …

We evaluate the impact of the Gambian hardship allowance, which provides a salary premium of 30-40% to primary school …

all due to differences in what students bring with them to school – socio-economic background, cultural factors, and the … like? Or do school systems make a difference? This essay argues that differences in features of countries' school systems … factors of the school system, as well as factors beyond the school system, account for cross-country achievement differences …