Privatization in education is often associated to higher academic performance but greater social inequality on it, whereas standardization of school systems is associated to equalization of opportunities, at the cost of lower performance. Until now, however, we have not had evidence about that...

Suspension from school is a commonly-used, yet controversial, school disciplinary measure. This paper uses unique survey data to estimate the impact of suspension on the educational outcomes of those suspended. It finds that while suspension is strongly associated with educational outcomes, the...