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This paper presents a formal theory of reciprocity. Reciprocity means that people reward kind actions and punish unkind ones. The theory takes into account that people evaluate the kindness of an action not only by its consequences but also by the intention underlying this action. The theory...
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Everyone remembers a plot where a disadvantaged individual facing the prospect of failure, spends more effort, turns around the game and wins unexpectedly. Most tournament theories, however, predict the opposite pattern and see the disadvantaged agent investing less effort. We show that 'turn...
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Competition is ubiquitous in economic life. Yet, negative consequences of competitive environments have been reported … subjectively perceived stress and the physiological changes induced by a well-established economic laboratory competition paradigm … active coping style were related to the self-selection into competition in the third round of the game. We speculate that …
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competition among counties. The present paper highlights the situation in which the citizens of two countries have the opportunity …
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