league level--that is, the best players appear to be playing in the league regardless of race. Second, players, categorized … by race, are not randomly distributed across teams. Instead, the relationship between team racial composition and …

There is a growing literature investigating fan discrimination revealed in markets for sports memorabilia. Such … estimates miss the mark for two reasons. First, simply measuring race as a binary variable may be less insightful than an … alternative measure. Second, although it is the race perceptions of market participants that matter, past studies rely exclusively …