We compare monopoly profit, consumer surplus, and total welfare associated with three commonly-used tying strategies: no tying, pure tying, and mixed tying. Whereas previous literature focused mainly on profit comparisons, this paper evaluates the relationship between component production costs...

The extent to which environmental regulatory institutions are either "green" or "brown" impacts not just the intensity of regulation at any moment, but also the incentives for the development of new pollution-control technologies. We set up a strategic model of R&D in which a polluter can deploy...