profitability (productivity) of his team and of the promotion-seeking efforts of his employees. Our first main result clarifies the … examine the effect of the employees' productivity on their probability of promotion and on the extent of the resources wasted … candidate for promotion) is less likely to be promoted and the conditions under which higher employee's productivity results in …

may lead to higher promotion standards for women. If employers expect women to do more household work than men, thereby … exerting less effort in their paid job, then women must be more talented to make promotion profitable. Moreover, specialization …