When actors invest in making strong network ties (relationships) with other actors, such ties can potentially influence behavior and subsequent financial performance, but the strength and direction of these effects is debated. Using original fine-grained data that documents the nature and extent...

Over the last decades, corporations are increasingly expected to fulfill the written and unwritten laws of doing business in a sustainable way. They are implicitly expected to perform well on the so-called triple bottom line; People, Planet and Profit. However, both in academia and in practice,...

Multinational Banks operate on a wider economic and geographical spectrum and are faced with vast challenges in each economic territory. There is however general observation that multinational banks do not make proper disclosures on portfolios operating in hyperinflationary economies as outlined...

God gave Moses the Decalogue (The Ten Commandments) in the Sinai or Horep (Exodus 20:1-17; Leviticus 19; Deuteronomy 5:6-21) and salvation to all before Jesus. Jesus summarized the Decalogue into two (Matthew 21:34-40, Mark 12:28-31 and Luke 10:25-37). St. Augustine of Hippo based on the Decalogue...

Time becomes the benchmark that defines a company's strategic behavior, extensively revamping the entire company by reinterpreting the time dimension in a different, extremely dynamic context. Marketing activities always presuppose time-based competition. From a marketing perspective, oriented...

In verschiedenen wissenschaftlichen Disziplinen, besonders den Wirt-schafts- und Ingenieurwissenschaften, wird das Entstehen und Verschwinden von Produkten aus unterschiedlicher Perspektive betrachtet jedoch häufig unter dem gemeinsamen Stichwort Produktlebenszyklus (PLZ) verwendet. Eine...

This paper examines the implications of the option value of equity for firms' disclosures. Merton (1974) shows that the equity of levered firms is equivalent to a call option whose value increases in the expected variance of future cash flows. I use this equivalence to calculate firms' vega,...

Empirical work on the first-mover advantage concept has been somewhat conclusive in that researchers have found more evidence of a first-mover advantage than its absence. However, the theoretical and conceptual models of the first-mover advantage have been divergent within and among the economic...

Because a commercial real estate borrower usually wants to secure a mortgage loan for as much as possible, as inexpensively as possible, loan originators sometimes structure a single large loan as two smaller loans by means of an intercreditor agreement. The process of severing one loan into...