firms that are consistent with stylized facts from the recent empirical literature. -- multinational firms ; outsourcing … ; intra-firm trade ; offshoring ; vertical FDI …

firm-specific input suppliers when the final goods producers undertake complete outsourcing or bi-sourcing. Under complete … outsourcing, the final goods producers locate closer as the distance between the input suppliers decreases, but the distance … the final goods producers, and creates effects which are opposite to those under complete outsourcing. Thus, our results …