Economics tends to define and measure discrimination as disparities stemming from the direct (causal) effects of … systemic (i.e. indirect) channels. For example, racial disparities in criminal records due to discrimination in policing can … for modeling and measuring both direct and systemic forms of discrimination. We define systemic discrimination as emerging …

distinguish between taste-based discrimination where employers' racial animus is the key motivation for their poor treatment of … minorities and variants of statistical discrimination where there is no assumption at all of racial animus on the part of the … them: Consistent with statistical discrimination theory, minority referrals are more likely to receive a job offer than non …