the leading principle of the Dutch education system since the beginning of the 20th century. Based on panel data for the … Netherlands we show that there is a relation between competition and student achievement in upper secondary education, but that it …

with school system resources. The model is rich, yet sufficiently stylized to provide novel implications. It can show, for … example, that an improvement in parental outside options will reduce parental and school effort, which are partially … compensated through school resources. In this way, by incorporating the behavioral responses of parents, teachers and policymakers …