with school system resources. The model is rich, yet sufficiently stylized to provide novel implications. It can show, for … example, that an improvement in parental outside options will reduce parental and school effort, which are partially … compensated through school resources. In this way, by incorporating the behavioral responses of parents, teachers and policymakers …

We show that, when school quality is measured by the educational standard and attaining the standard requires costly … relatively high cost of effort, who would find the high standards of the public school excessively demanding. With the key …

within-group sorting, we conducted our field experiment within primary school classrooms where a pair of deskmates forms the …

awards, together with a mix of taxes on parental income, and on the return to educational investment. It also makes school …