affect employers' decisions to invest in employee training. It combines survey data on investment activities with … this index reduces investment in training as a share of fixed assets by 2.9 to 4.5 percent and investment in training per … employee by 1.8 to 2.5 percent. The paper documents that lower investment in training reduces productivity, and show that firms …

employers' decision to invest in employee training. We combine survey data on investment activities with administrative data on … investment in training as a share of fixed assets by 2.9 to 4.5 percent and investment in training per employee by 1.8 to 2 ….5 percent. We document that lower investment in training reduces productivity, and show that firms facing tighter financing …

with respect to the ability of their employees when training is certified by credible external institutions. We apply an … institutions at that the end of apprenticeship training can be signalled to outside employers. Apprenticeship graduates however … cannot signal their work-related ability – measured by a small voluntary bonus paid by the training employer – to the outside …