to three times larger among fourth and fifth graders in North Carolina than among kindergarten and first-grade students … both low-income students and English language learners, particularly for reading achievement. Also, in North Carolina …

We study the effect of exposure to immigrants on the educational outcomes of US-born students, using a unique dataset … selection of US-born students, especially among White and comparatively affluent students, in response to the presence of … immigrant students in the school. We propose a new identification strategy to partial out the unobserved non-random selection …

"The past decade has seen increased testing of students and the concomitant proliferation of computer-based systems to …) for effective use of data by teachers. Absent from the research base in this area is objective information on how much and … in what ways teachers actually use student test data, even when supposed precursors of teacher data use are in place …