more passive shareholders (lower ownership per non-institutional shareholder) are less likely to be takeover targets, less … likely to be acquired and command higher premiums. Using the adoption of anti-takeover law in Delaware as an exogenous shock … to anti-takeover protection, we show that the passiveness of shareholder base decreases as the takeover threat subsides …

more likely to be replaced if the takeover is disciplinary …

takeover imposed by the market for corporate control. We complement other empirical studies on managerial compensation and … consists of 51 firms in the U.S. oil industry from 1977 to 1994. Third, we employ ex ante measures of the threat of takeover at … the individual firm level which are superior to ex post measures like actual takeover occurrence or past incidence of …