We estimate differences in innovation behavior between foreign versus U.S.-born entrepreneurs in high-tech industries …. Our data come from the Annual Survey of Entrepreneurs, a random sample of firms with detailed information on owner … characteristics and innovation activities. We find uniformly higher rates of innovation in immigrant-owned firms for 15 of 16 …

entrepreneurs with respect to commercialization as well as the rate of innovation. We find that stronger intellectual property … protection makes it more likely that entrepreneurs will commercialize by cooperating with incumbents rather than competing with … them. Consequently, we demonstrate that competition policy has a clearer role in promoting a higher rate of innovation in …