influence educational performance. Several insights emerge. First, we find that incentives framed as losses have more robust … effects than comparable incentives framed as gains. Second, we find that non-financial incentives are considerably more cost …-effective than financial incentives for younger students, but were not effective with older students. Finally, and perhaps most …

interventions targeting sleep. In a field experiment among U.S. university students, we show that incentives for sleep increase both … to five-week post-treatment period. Comparisons to secondary treatments show that immediate incentives have larger … impacts on sleep than delayed incentives or reminders and feedback alone during the treatment period, but do not have …