to three times larger among fourth and fifth graders in North Carolina than among kindergarten and first-grade students … both low-income students and English language learners, particularly for reading achievement. Also, in North Carolina …

We study the effect of exposure to immigrants on the educational outcomes of US-born students, using a unique dataset … selection of US-born students, especially among White and comparatively affluent students, in response to the presence of … immigrant students in the school. We propose a new identification strategy to partial out the unobserved non-random selection …

students in Michigan for the main analyses, and complement this with analyses from a state-year panel. The study employs … that ACT science scores improved by 0.2 points (or roughly 0.04 standard deviations) as a result of the MMC. Students who … impact on high school graduation for students who entered high school with the weakest academic preparation, but other …

gaps; strategic budgeting that provides programs for at-risk students; teacher quality that ensures wages are high and …