The behavioral equilibrium exchange rate (BEER) and the Penn effect models are compared via their applications on the … setting, the Penn effect model can be viewed as a special form of the BEER model; however, the latter includes many other … comparison, each model’s findings from the BEER model are only partly reasonable but each model’s findings from the Penn effect …

In this paper we analyze the evolution of beer consumption between countries and over time. Historically, there have … been major changes in beer consumption in the world. In recent times, per capita consumption has decreased in traditional … ' beer drinking nations' while it increased strongly in emerging economies. Recently, China has overtaken the US as the …

European beer markets are characterized by major changes that are forcing breweries to redesign their competitive …