pharmaceuticals. The US-led developed countries bloc argued in favour of patents for pharmaceuticals amidst opposition from Brazil …, India and other countries. Ample evidence, including patented AZT for HIV/AIDS treatment, showed that patents could make … form of patents for pharmaceuticals, the developing countries were able to extract some procedural and substantive …

Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS) was adopted in 1995 as one of the agreements under the World …" (World Trade Organization 2001: paragraph 4). Subsequently, the adoption of the Doha Declaration provided clarity with regard … to medicines when in need (especially in the HIV/AIDS context). Such need might have again occurred with the COVID-19 …

licensing and parallel importation to reduce the prices of patented pharmaceuticals in their markets. This paper questions the … soundness of such policies. Developing nations have long had little intellectual property protection for pharmaceuticals, which … are largely externalized to the rest of the developing world. The magnitude of the effect may be modest for many lines of …

States-China trade war and the cascading response of the countries around the world to the COVID-19 pandemic. While the …