indices related to socio-economic inequality, such as the Gini index, human development index, or gender inequality index … insignificant, indicating income inequality had little effect on students’ PISA performance. On the other hand, the gender … capital and competitiveness, and focus on decreasing gender disparity and the associated loss of achievement due to gender …

a difference-in-differences estimation method, it was found that early tracking has a direct effect on the gender gap in … gender gap varies to a great extent between countries. While the existing literature explains these differences as being … like tracking, grade retention, and individualised teaching practices. The gender test score gap is analysed in math …

determinant of international differences in student performance. Results are supported by fixed-effects estimation that uses …

-effects estimation exploiting within-country between-subject variation in teacher skills. Observed country variations in teacher …