The protracted international dispute on currency manipulation has exposed the weakness of the contemporary international economic law framework in regulating the sovereign intervention on foreign exchange rate. The legal mandate of the WTO on currency manipulation remains questionable and the...

Intellectual Property Rights (“IPR”) can be regarded as an incentive for an inventor or an author, granted or recognized by a state. IPR are enforceable erga omnes within the boundaries of the state. Member States of the Paris Convention Union and other relevant conventions are expected to...

The central argument of this article is that the WTO is emerging as a major player in the field of global harmonization of national laws. Usually, when we think of institutions that deal with and promote harmonization of law, we think of organizations such as the UNIDROIT, UNCITRAL, or even...

Voluminous studies have documented the rise of international standards and their ramifications for the WTO, though most of these studies have focused on environment, food safety, public health, and financial regulations issues. An equally important, yet less explored, area is the information and...