information campaigns - rather than stay-at-home requirements. Using past coronavirus outbreaks as an instrumental variable, we …

information campaigns ─ rather than stay-at-home requirements. Using past coronavirus outbreaks as an instrumental variable, we …

to estimate learning losses. It models the effect of school closures on achievement by predicting the deviation of the …. Scores declined by an average of 14 percent of a standard deviation, roughly equal to seven months of learning. Losses were … greater for students in schools that faced relatively longer closures, boys, immigrants, and disadvantaged students …

to estimate learning losses. It models the effect of school closures on achievement by predicting the deviation of the …. Scores declined by an average of 14 percent of a standard deviation, roughly equal to seven months of learning. Losses were … greater for students in schools that faced relatively longer closures, boys, immigrants, and disadvantaged students …