Private initiatives for corporate responsibility have been a major development in international management over the last twenty years. The initiatives include issuance of codes of business conduct, implementation of management systems and broader efforts to improve business accountability. Yet,...

In 2014, the European Union (EU) passed a corporate social responsibility (CSR) directive that mandates large listed firms to prepare non-financial reports beginning from fiscal year 2017 onward. We examine whether firms within the scope of the directive (hereafter, “treated firms”)...

Examining the S&P 1500 stocks, the responses of the stocks to fiscal and monetary policy are found to differ due to E, S and G scores by the type of legislation. Non-Financial firms that manage environmental and governance risks better performed better over the pandemic Part of this was due to...