How to quantify the effects of international trade wars has attracted increasing attention from regulators, investors, managers, and policy makers. Adopting a novel machine learning method called word2vec from computational linguistics, this study constructs a text-based measure of trade war...

Is it justified for states to appropriate private property rights? If so, should governments regulate or expropriate? Competing models predict that government power of appropriation causes underinvestment, over investment, and growth. We use random assignment of U.S. federal court judges setting...