In this paper, we investigate the long-run relationship between effective real exchange rate volatility and economic growth in 15 Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries using panel unit root and cointegration tests over the period 1980 to 2004. In addition, we use fully modified OLS (FMOLS),...

This study reviews the empirical literature on the integration properties of energy consumption and production. The survey begins with a discussion of the implications of whether energy variables contain a unit root and proceeds to examine how results differ according to the specific unit root...

Industrial houses and governments of different countries and groups spend a sizeable amount of their earnings upon research and development activities to create new products and obtain patents for them. The short-run motive is to get patents, and the long-run motive is to influence income growth...