Large platform companies increasingly integrate vertically by building Internet infrastructure. These proprietary … upstream player and a vertically integrated platform facing rival platforms without proprietary infrastructure. Investment … larger infrastructure. The upstream player benefits from "commodification" when it has the smaller network. The resulting …

This working paper provides a granular overview of investments into low-carbon infrastructure, both in the real economy … and financial market. The descriptive analysis shows that there is room to scale up cross-border infrastructure investment … shifting infrastructure investments, that currently flow into the financial economy, to the real economy and by incentivising …