We point out that the fundamental irreversibility of Nature requires the introduction of a suitable measure for the … distance from equilibrium. We show that entropy, which is widely held to be such a measure, suffers from the problem that it … basic physics beyond irreversibility has remained obscure. We present here a simple but transparent physical approach for …

. Moreover, living systems waste heat. This heat is the consequence of the internal irreversibility. Irreversibility is … of living systems, in order to obtain a unifying approach to study them. Indeed, this approach allows us to consider …

formulation the central concept is entropy characterized in terms of equilibrium state variables. We point out that because … thermodynamic changes arise when systems are out of equilibrium and because entropy is not a natural state variable characterizing … resolves some conceptual difficulties related to the interpretation of entropy. We point out that extropy has a fundamental …

We point out that the fundamental irreversibility of Nature requires the introduction of a suitable measure for the … distance from equilibrium. We show that entropy, which is widely held to be such a measure, suffers from the problem that it … basic physics beyond irreversibility has remained obscure. We present here a simple but transparent physical approach for …