The existence of an international registration system of marks and the creation of a Community trade mark allows a holder to receive a much wider protection from a geographical scope. Harmonization in the context of trade marks is desirable, as it provides the skeleton on which trade marks...

Responding to market reality, one of the most relevant concepts encountered in the field of marketing is the "trademark", which became a key factor in the global economy. The market, with its harsh rules, marks the efforts of producers and traders to communicate with consumers. In fact, the...

This paper examines patent protection in an endogenous-growth model. Our aim is twofold. First, we show how the patent policies discussed by the recent patent-design literature can influence R&D in the endogenous-growth framework, where the role of patents has been largely ignored. Second, we...

This paper develops a model for analyzing the costs and benefits of intellectual property enforcement in LDCs. The North is more productive than the South and is the only source of innovator. There are two types of goods, and each bloc has a comparative advantage in producing a specific type of...

Die Beziehung zwischen dem Wettbewerbsrecht und dem Recht geistigen Eigentums gilt seit jeher als problematisch. Für viele ist sie inhärent konfliktär. Während das Wettbewerbsrecht darauf gerichtet sei, Marktmacht zu zerstören, bestehe der Zweck des Rechts geistigen Eigentums wie z. B. des...

This paper aims at analysing the risk of intellectual property (IP) infringements by competitors from abroad and in particular whether this risk is higher for international innovating firms. We distinguish three different types of IP infringements from abroad: the usage of firms' technical...

Intangible knowledge capital (IKC) - technology produced by workers but not embodied in them - can offset the middle income trap as China exhausts the benefits of international technology transfer. IKC is productivity-enhancing among Chinese enterprises - more so in domestically owned than in...

Post-grant validity challenges at patent offices rely on the private initiative of third parties to correct mistakes made by patent offices. We hypothesize that incentives to bring post-grant validity challenges are reduced when many firms benefit from revocation of a patent and when firms are...

This paper quantifies the relationship between private-network file sharing activity and music sales in the BitTorrent era. Using a panel dataset of 2,251 albums' U.S. sales and file sharing downloads on a private network during 2008, I estimate the effect of file sharing on album sales....

Digital designs - that is, designs for display on electronic screens - have recently burst onto the intellectual property (IP) stage. While in the U.S. a smattering of legal studies have recently addressed the question of digital design as a copyright-, trademark- and patent-eligible subject...