The stock market is characterized by extreme fluctuations, non-linearity, and shifts in internal and external environmental variables. Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques can detect such non-linearity, resulting in much-improved forecast results. This paper reviews 148 studies utilizing...

Machine Learning algorithms, such as the artificial neural networks, are acknowledged to outperform several econometric procedures in predictions. Machine learning becomes popular for doing operations that practically require more efficiency and accuracy, derived basically from the algorithm's...

Machine learning (ML) is a novel method that has applications in asset pricing and that fits well within the problem of measurement in economics. Unlike econometrics, ML models are not designed for parameter estimation and inference, but similar to econometrics, they address, and may be better...