This paper addresses the personal linkages between the public administration and the legislaturethat emerge because public servants pursue a political mandate. There are concernsthat the strong representation of bureaucrats in many Western parliaments compromises theconstitutionally proposed...

Countries differ substantially in how they deal with politicians  that come from the public sector. Most constitutions include  incompatibility and  ineligibility rules  due  to  concerns about conflicts  of interest  and the politicization of the public  service.   We study  how...

AbstractSenior officials in the ministerial bureaucracy are responsible for the coordination of public service activity  and their number has grown enormously since World War II. We study the growth in employment  of this politically  sensitive high-profile occupational group from a political...